Estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

Estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)










Estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is known as the community of the world's largest crocodile. This crocodile differences with other types of scales behind the head is small or absent, dorsal bud scales of short numbered 16 to 17 rows from the front and back are usually 6 to 8 lines. Estuarine crocodile has a size larger than that of freshwater crocodiles in the upper and lower jaw and tooth size. They have a variety of colors from gray to dark green, especially in adult crocodile, while the young crocodile is more greenish color with black spots and stripes on the tail.

Males can grow up to 7 meters (23 feet), but most are less than 5 meters. The female usually has a length of less than 4 meters and can begin to lay eggs and make a nest about 12 years. The maximum lifespan is not known but estimated that they could live at least 70 to 100 years. This type occupies Crocodile estuary habitats, sometimes found in open sea.

Its main food is fish, although it can infect humans and wild boar near the river to drink. This crocodile spread in almost all Indonesian waters.
Estuarine crocodile breeding during the rainy season (months Nov-Mar) and build nests that most of the plants and the soil mound. Nests are usually located in the grass or the edge of the forest along the river or freshwater marsh. In the nest, saved about 50 eggs and incubation lasts between 65 to 110 days-a female crocodile guarding nest is usually closely and therefore these crocodiles hide in the nearest puddle. Incubation temperature determines the sex of crocodile eggs that hatched, at very high temperatures or low temperatures will produce a female crocodile, and the temperature from 31 to 32 degrees Celsius will produce a male alligator. Of eggs - eggs that are stored only about 25%, which will hatch.

source: Warta Pasar Ikan, Dir. PemasarandalamNegeri, DirjenP2HP, DepartemenKelautandanPerikanan

Ornamental fish red hickey serit type (crown tail)

Ornamental fish red hickey serit type (crown tail)





Cupang ornamental fish is a hybrid of the fish continue to experience growth. Until now kept popping up a new type of hickey decorated with the colors become more varied. The situation is what makes the hobbyists have never tired to continue hunting and collecting. It is therefore not surprising if there is a hunting hobbyists directly to Thailand, which is known as a hickey-producing countries with the color and ornamental tail shapes beautifully.


Although most decorative quality hickey came from Thailand, could not be denied if the farm ornamental hickey hickey farmers in the country are also no less beautiful. This is evidenced by the fact that hickey type serit (crown tail) from Indonesia is far superior compared with similar hickey from Thailand.
source: AgromediaPustaka, 2008

The characteristics and classification of flying fish

The characteristics and classification of flying fish


Flying fish is one of the small pelagic fish that are found diperairan
tropical and sub-tropical waters with no cloudy conditions and muddy. Flying fish is a fish that has many types, according to the classification, including flying fish in the Class Actinopterygii, Subklas Neopterygii, Super Order


Acanthopterygii, Order Beloniformes, Sub Belonoidei Order, Family Exocoetidae and has genus 9. Flying fish of the genus comprises 33 species Cheilopogon including Cheilopogon ebei, C. agoo, Cypselurus genus consists of 12 species, including Cypselurus angusticeps, C. callopterus; Danichthys genus consists of 1 species of Danichthys i1ma. Exocoetus genus of 5 species of which Exocoetus gibbosus and E. monocirrhus-, Fodiator genus consists of the 2 species and E Fodiator acutus rostratus; Hirundichthys genus of 8 species including Hirundichthys oxycephalus and H. rondeletii;

Oxyporhamphus genus of 4 species of which Oxyporhamphus convexus and 0. micropterus; Parexocoetus genus comprising 3 species including Parexocoetus brachypterus; and Prognichthys genus of 2 species, including Prognichthys brevipinnis and P gibbifrons.
Flying fish has ciriciri the average length of 18 cm, round, elongated body, upper body, dark, shiny, lower body, dorsal and anal fins transparent tail fins of gray, ventral fins grayish on top and light on bottom, pectoral fin dark gray with short punctate.

Weak spines on the dorsal fin numbered 10-12, 1-12 in the anal fin, the pectoral fin of 14-15 with the first fin is not forked, ventral fins not reaching dorsal fin with the ventral fin base closer to the posterior end than at the base of the head tail, lateral lines are located at the bottom of the body. cycloid scales relatively large size and easy go with pradorsal scales and 32-37 scales on the axis of the body 51-56.
source: Warta Pasar Ikan, DG P2HP, DKP, 2009

Flyingfish

Flyingfish

Flying fish fin screen
Parexocoetus brachypterus


Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Beloniformes
Family: Exocoetidae




Genera

Cheilopogon
Cypselurus
Danichthys
Exocoetus
Fodiator
Hirundichthys
Oxyporhamphus
Parexocoetus
Prognichthys

source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_terbang

Anatomy and Biology of Fish

Anatomy and Biology of Fish



DEFINITION OF FISH (PISCES)
Invertebrates (including vertebrates), aquatic habitat, breathing with gills (especially), moving and balancing his body with fins, is poikilotermal.


MORFOLOGI (Form Body) FISH
Varies considerably, but the morphology is essentially composed of the head, body, and tail of the image 1, image 2.a general form: bilateral symmetry, and the image 2.b nonsimetri

ANATOMY
There are 10 systems in the body's anatomy of fish:
1. The system covers the body (skin): among other scales, the poison glands, mucous glands, and coloring sources.
2. Muscle system (tendon): - drive the body, fins, gills
- Electric organ
3. Order system (bones): the muscles attach; protecting internal organs and enforcement bodies
4. Respiratory system (respiration): organs, especially gills; no additional organs
5. Circulatory system (circulation): - organ heart and blood cells
- Passing O2, nutrients, etc.
6. Digestive System: gastrointestinal organs of the mouth - anal
7. Nervous system: brain organs and nerves edge
8. Hormone systems: hormonal glands; for growth, reproduction, etc.
9. Excretory System and Osmoregulation: organs, especially kidneys
10. Reproductive system and embryology: organs of male and female gonads
There is a very close relationship between the reply to the 10 anatomical systems, such as:
- Tendon system and the framework of the system affects the body shape to determine how the movement of
- Respiratory system and circulatory O2 from water captured by the blood, CO2 exchanged dg carried through the body via the blood

1. CLOSING BODY SYSTEM / SKIN
The skin consists of 2 layers:
- Epidermis; outer, thin, always changing
- Dermis; in the epidermis, thicker, where the formation of scales
- The function of the skin:
- 1. wrapper / closing body
2. The first defense against disease and parasites
3. adjustments to environmental conditions
4. excretion tool - Osmoregulation
5. additional respirator
Organs contained in the skin:

- Scales, including skut and kil
- Gland secretions
- Poison glands
- Source of coloring
- Light organs of fish in the sea
These types of scales: cycloid, ktenoid, plakoid, ganoids, cesmoid.
Mucus glands: mucus
mucus functions:
1. prevent friction with the water body, accelerating the movement
2. keep out of the water through the skin
3. prevent infection
4. closed wound
5. prevents dryness (the lung fish)
6. build a nest (in particular fish species)
Poison glands: on certain species modification of mucus glands, located in different fins, its function in self-defense, attack, and find food.
Source of coloring on the fish: the function of camouflage coloring, hiding, notification, avoidance of predators, waiting for prey, communication with the opposite sex.

2. Tendon SYSTEM (MUSCLE)
Type:
- Striped
- Plain
- Heart
Works:
- In the excitatory nerve
- Not under the excitatory nerve
Its function: to move the body, fins, oral cavity, and internal organs.
In a modification of fish tendon, the electric organ of ± 250 species of fish, especially marine fish, in the tropics and sub-tropics. Function for self-defense (electric voltage generated yg high) and to find food (low voltage).

3. SYSTEM FRAMEWORK (BONE)
Function order:
1. enforcement bodies
2. where the muscles attach
3. protecting the internal organs
4. formed erythrocytes

Based on the structure, the framework has 2 kinds of fish:
a. Framework of cartilage, the Elasmobranchii fish (shark, etc.)
b. Framework of bone is, in Teleostei fish (usually the fish)
Based on its location:
- Skull
- Backbone
- Rib
- Bone framework advocates called visceral gills
- Bone called the framework advocates APPENDICULAR fin
The bones of the gill cover:
- Operculum
- Sub operculum - under
- Pre operculum - in front of
- Interculum - among

4. Digestive System
Definition: Digestion is a process of simplification melaului food physical and chemical means, so that the juices of foods that are easily absorbed in the intestine, then distributed to all organs of the body through the circulatory system.
Organs: gastrointestinal tract consists of (from front / rear toward the anterior / posterior), respectively: the mouth / stomach cavity of the heart the mouth of the esophagus, bile, pancreas (pylorus and pyloric saeka) intestine
Additional organs: liver gland, bile glands, and pancreas glands
Complementary organs: whiskers, teeth, gills filter.
According to the type of food, fish belonging to a carnivore (eat other fish, crabs, insects, etc.), herbivor (eat plankton, water plants, etc.), and omnivor (mixed meal).
Kind of food do you eat fish and can be expected from:
- Mouth shape, mouth position
- Types of teeth: canin, incisor, etc.
- The bones of the gill filters: meetings, long, smooth, etc.
- Comparison between intestinal length with body length
For the effectiveness of the digestive system, there are modifications in the stomach (eg Belanak) and the intestines (eg the shark).
By knowing the nature and type of food do you eat, can be applied to the cultivation of fish.

5. CIRCULATION SYSTEM (circulation)
Definition: circulatory system is a system that functions to transport and distribute water to O2 from body cells in need, also transporting enzymes, nutrients, salts, hormones, and anti-body as well as transport of CO2 from the intestines, lymph - gland, gills, and so on, out of the body.
Organs: heart, arteries (aorta, arteries) and veins (veins), and blood capillaries. Materials circulated: blood (blood plasma and blood drops)
The heart of fish:
- Function: pumping blood throughout the body. Different fish heart with other animals have a heart pacemaker allows the heart yg continues to beat even though the brain is damaged
- The parts of the heart:
• Atrium - thin-walled
• Ventrikal - thick-walled, as the blood pumping
• Bulbus arteriosus
Before the atrium, there is sinus venosus (SV) blood collecting high-yield CO2, derived from certain organs. Blood from the SV into the atrium through the valve sinuautrial, blood from the atrium into the ventricle through the atrioventricular valve. Of ventricular blood pressure with pump power to him, heading toward the aorta ventralis, toward the gills. Exchange occurs in the gills of O2 with CO2 (respiratory system) and so the blood with a high O2 content distributed to the head area, to the dorsal, the ventral, and tail after re-distribute nutrients to the heart, etc. and so on.

6. BREATHING SYSTEM
Definition: Breathing: the exchange of CO2 (the remains of the body's metabolic processes must be disposed reply) with O2 (derived from water, the body needs for metabolic processes, etc.).
Respiratory organs:
- Especially gill lies? take O2 from the water
- Additional organs lung, maze, etc take O2 from the air;
skin and yolk sac in embryos and larvae
Gills, its parts:
- Gill arch bone
- Bone gill filters
- Leaves the gills
Function gill parts:
1. Gill arch bone as a bone filter melakeatnya gills and gill leaves, has a lot of blood channels and nerve channels
2. Bone filter gills, the digestive system function in order to rule out food organisms through the gills
3. Leaf gills, functioning as the respiratory system and blood circulation, where the exchange of O2 with CO2 gas.
Respiratory mechanisms:
Exchange of CO2 and O2 by diffusion occurs when the water from the habitat through the mouth, pushed toward the gills. O2 is much contained in the water will be bound by blood hemoglobin, while the CO2 contained in the blood will be released into the waters. Had a lot of blood containing O2 and then circulated back to all organs and so on.
Matters relating dg respiratory system:
1. Water should contain enough O2
2. When the water is less O2, the fish will a.l:
a. toward the surface of the fish traders
b. to the entry of water
c. toward the water streamy
3. Leaves the gills should be in a state of moist
Factors affecting fish needs to O2:
1. size and age (standia live): small fish need O2>>
2. fish activity: the active swimming to O2>>
3. Sex: female fish require O2>>
4. Stadia reproduction

7 & 8 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HORMONES
Both these systems can be said as the coordination system to anticipate changes in environmental conditions and changes in life status (reproduction, etc.). Environmental changes shall be notified to the nervous system (central nervous, etc.), nerve will stimulate the endocrine glands to release hormones that required hormone delivered to target organs and metabolic activity will stimulate al networks for mobile.
The nervous system consists of:
- Cerebro spinal system:
• central nervous system: brain and spine
• Peripheral nervous system
- An autonomous system: sympathetic and parasimpati
- Special organs: nose, ears, eyes, LL
Privileges nervous system in fish: the nervous system on detecting LL environmental conditions (pH, temperature, etc.) because it contains the ends of nerve cells and blood cells.

Hormone System: Hormones produced by glands al hormone growth hormone, reproductive hormones, hormone excretion & Osmoregulation.
According to the results of hormonal glands:
- Endo hormones: what works in the body, such as hormones in the
- Ekto hormone: who works outside the body, such as the phenomenon: the other sex stimulate closer to spawn.

9. SYSTEM Ekskresi dan Osmoregulasi
Definition:
Excretion system: exhaust system metabolism process (in the form of gases, liquids, and solids) through the skin, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract).
Osmoregulation System: setting systems balance the osmotic pressure of body fluids (water and blood) with the osmotic pressure of habitat (aquatic).
Organs of excretion system: skin, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney.
Organs Osmoregulation system: skin, kidney, gills, mouth a thin layer.
Kidneys: teletak on the abdomen, outside peritonium, under the spine and the dorsal aorta, as many as one pair, red, elongated.
Kidney Function:
1. filter out the remnants of the metabolic processes for disposal, substances that the body needs more distributed through the blood
2. manage consistency of urine thrown to maintain osmotic balance of body fluids
Osmotic pressure of body fluids vary between bony fish properly (Teleostei) who live in the sea with living in fresh waters, as well as fish, cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchii), so the structure and number of kidneys are also different, as well as the system osmoregulasinya .

10. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND EMBRYOLOGY
Definition: reproductive system is a system to maintain / preserve the species by producing fertile offspring. Embryology is a sequence of zygot development process (the fertilized egg by sperm cells) to become children of fish and so on.
Reproductive organs:
Sex organs (gonads) produce sex cells (gametes)
4. Male gonads: the testes, usually a pair, left and right to produce spermatozoa
5. The female gonads: ovaries / ovaries to produce eggs
Type of reproduction:
Based on the sex organs:
1. Bisexual (female individuals separately from individual males) 2 types
2. Hermaphrodites (sex cells of male and female found in one individual)
3 kinds
3. Parthenogenesis and ginogenesis
Based on the process of egg fertilization by spermatozoa:
1. External (ovivar): fertilized outside the female body, the development of embryos outside the female body, the number of eggs sd hundreds of thousands
2. Internal
a. vivipar: fertilization in the female body, embryos obtain nutrients from the mother until they hatch
b. ovovivipar: embryo get nutrients from the yolk
need organ dealers spermatozoa:
- Gonopodium (thousand fish)
- Clasper (shark)



Based on the protection of the egg parent / child:
1. without protection:
- Egg lots (hundreds of thousands), small tuna, catfish, milkfish
- Spawning in the open

2. nesting:
- Without waiting for the parent
- Nest of leaves, wood, sand
3. in specific locations, without the protection of the parent
- On the rocks, submerged at the bottom
- At the water plant
- Bivalva shells placed on life
- Placed in the sand
4. parent protection outside the body
- Foam / bubble
- Wood / leaf
- Hole / nest
5. parent protection in the body
- In the mouth
- In the hollow at the head
- In the "uterus"
Sex characteristics
1. Primary (gonadal and channels directly involved in the process of reproduction)
- Male: testes with channel organ vas deferens
- Females: ovaries with channel organ oviduct
only be known after surgery
2. Secondary (visible from the outside, not directly involved in reproduction)
- Shape / size (dimorphism)
body, head, size of the fin, the genital papillae, ovopositor
- Color (dikromatisme)
Male: bright, colorful
females: simple, only one color
- Behavior
male: aggressive, agile, making a nest
females: calm, waiting for the nest is complete


source: http://smartsains.blogspot.com

Niasa fish (Yellow auratus)

Niasa fish (Yellow auratus)










Conditions of life and the origin of niasa (Melanochromis auratus) is similar to venustus. Male body color yellow alternating with black horizontal line is very bright, while the female blue color and a little bit pale. These fish need water alkaline (pH more than 7) and pretty hard (about 12 ° dH).


Adult fish are actually very necessary to maintain the area so that the water plants or stones as a shelter enough. However, the maintenance at the pool without shelter



was not problematic. In addition, because of its mouthbreeder then without any spawning nests still going well.


Mass spawning is done by a male female ratio 1: 4. Spawn process and how to capture this fish eggs with the venustus. The incubation period of eggs in the aquarium about two days. Larvae can swim after 6-7 days. To feed the larvae can be given athlete, Artemia, or a chopped silk worms. While the mother was given a small shrimp or rebon to improve the quality of eggs. For adult fish can be given feed silk worms.


Niasa very strong and tolerant of water quality so that the replacement of water about 3-4 days as many as half of it was pretty good. Similarly, pond water levels, although the fish big enough, but the shallow water of about 15-20 cm will not be a problem in maintenance. Fish can still live and grow well if given shade container maintenance.

source: Darti S.L and Iwan D. PenebarSwadaya, 2006

The history and origins of tilapia fish to come to Indonesia

The history and origins of tilapia fish to come to Indonesia

Tilapia fish was first imported from Taiwan to Bogor (Center Fresh Water Fisheries Research) in 1969. A year later, these fish begin to cast to some areas. Indigo naming provisions under the Director General of Fisheries in 1972. The name is taken from the name of this fish species, namely nilotica which is then converted into. Name nilotica showed these fish homelands, namely the river

These fish are naturally migrating from its original habitat in the river Nile in Uganda (the upper reaches of the Nile) to the south past kw Raft and Lake Tanganyika to Egypt (along the River Nile). Nila fish are also found in central Africa and west. Largest population is found in fish ponds in Chad and Nigeria. With human intervention, today tilapia has spread around the world starting from the continent of Africa, America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.


Classification
Initially, indigo included in Tilapia nilotica species or tilapia fish from groups that do not lay eggs and larvae in the mouth of its mother. In its development, fisheries experts to rank the species or groups Sorotherodon niloticus tilapia fish that lay eggs and larvae in the mouth of male and female parent. Finally, note that the incubating eggs and larvae ¬ in the mouth of the female parent only. Fisheries experts later determined that the proper scientific name for this fish is or Oreochromis niloticus Oreochromis sp. The following classification more indigo.

Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Pisces
Subclass: Acanthopterigii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Cichlidae
Genus: Oreochromis
Species: Oreochromis niloticus
Foreign Name: nile tilapia
Local Name: nila

Source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SP, Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

hickey fish farming

hickey fish farming

Want to know how to raise fish hickey?
how:

To cultivate or develop the ornamental fish hickey not require extensive land, provide sufficient area of about 5 square meters. These fish are relatively easy to maintain and cultivated, because it does not require special feed. Fish feed is usually used to seed a natural food or water flea Daphnia sp. which can be found in a ditch where the water flooded. Hickey mother used to feed the mosquito larva (larva). For growing children can fish and water fleas were interspersed with hair worms, will further accelerate the growth of fry.





Container Cultivation

In general, container maintenance is like cement or aquarium that size is not large enough to have 1 x 2 m or aquarium 100 x 40 x 50 cm, was smaller containers marriage enlargement of the container, which can be used, among others: the basin, a small aquarium or bucket can be used for fish memijahkan.

Special features

Characteristics possessed by the male ornamental fish hickey is a wonderful addition to color, fins were long and resembles a comb serit, so often called serit hickey. Meanwhile, female fish are not attractive color (dull) and the form of fins shorter than the male fish.
Features of male fish to dipijahkan:

Age ± 4 months
Shape of the body and long fins and good color.
His movements were aggressive and agile.
Healthy body condition (not disease).

The characteristics of female fish:

Age has reached about 4 months
White rounded shape of the body in the abdomen indicates ready to mate.
His movements slow.
Fin short and unattractive color.
healthy body condition.

Fish spawning and nursing

After the parent is prepared hickey decorative containers as well as the next step is to conduct breeding:

1. Prepare a container basin / small aquarium and clean.
2. Fill container with water at a height of 15 to 30 cm.
3. Enter the male parent fish first hickey for 1 day.
4. Cover the container with the container cover anything.
5. A day later (late afternoon) the mother had cooked eggs inserted into a container nursery.
6. Usually in the morning and the fish are spawning in the form of foam attached disarang prepared by the male parent.
7. The mother immediately removed and allowed to treat male eggs until they hatch.

Enlargement children

1. When the hickey burayak fish can swim and have gone yolk, have had to put up a bigger media for the enlargement.
2. Move the seedlings with the male parent.
3. Then the fish were given food and water fleas closed container.
4. Ten days later the child was transferred to fish elsewhere.
5. And then every single week, the fish moved to another place to faster growth.

Post Harvest

Post-harvest after the hickey ornamental fish reached 1 month of harvesting can be performed at once can be selected or elected. Good-quality fish and selection results hickey placed separated into separate bottles in order to develop properly and avoid fights. After the age of 1.5 to 2 months was demonstrated hickey ornamental beauty and can be marketed.

Developing ways Biak
These fish grow in a way-laying and the eggs attached to the substrate such as plant roots, leaves or rapia fibers.

The steps that need to know:

1. Pick a good parent and a beautiful male and aggressive.
2. Split between the father and mother and be fed enough for 4 to 5 days.
3. Enter the father and mother depths where spawning (jars, aquariums, buckets, basins), which has been given
water plants (water hyacinth or rapia fibers with a water depth of ± 25 cm).
4. After 2-3 days the eggs will be seen attached to the leaf or rapia.
5. Move the female and fed adequately.
6. During 2-3 days the child was not given fish to eat because there are still stocks of yolk in the body.
7. For 2-3 days and then the kids these fish should be fed infosuria for 3 days and then fed filtered water fleas for 10 days and after that can be given without filtered water fleas.

How to Care
Parent fish fed well enough, after 2-3 weeks can be moved back. Children hickey fish can be sold after 2 months of age. After a 4 cm long, the kids can fish fed worms. Male fish, including fish that love to their offspring, seen from the habit of making the foam on the substrate, each will start memijah. Meanwhile, female fish less painstaking care for their children and sometimes prey on his own and had to be separated quickly after spawning. To obtain a form of male fish and a beautiful color, usually after a long, 4.5 cm mencapal is put into bottles (jars, former jam, coffee bottle, etc.) and placed in close proximity to each other to see each other for ± 2 weeks, that Fin hickey fish is expanding due to challenge each other.
Hickey fish to cultivate on a large scale, can be used like cement size 1.5 x 3 m. Tub lane Pemijahannya performed using board boxes that the front was given a plastic mesh strainer. This filter is intended to seed can come out and fish spawning box, while the parent remained in the breeding box. Spawning box size or 15 x 20 cm x 20 cm whereas the same treatments
source: http://biologi-formica.blogspot.com

7 Things to Consider Before Buying Small Business Accounting Software

7 Things to Consider Before Buying Small Business Accounting Software


by: William Siebler
The world of small business accounting software can be a minefield for any business owner. However choosing the right package is one of the most critical business decisions you will make.

Here are the seven things you must consider before making a purchase that will help you achieve your businesses goals.

1. Scalability

Businesses change over time so it's critical that the small business accounting software you choose can change too. Some things that often change are the number of products and services offered and the number of employees. When you choose your package try and imaging the business in 5 years or 10 years time and how different it will be. Use this information to guide your purchase decision. It may well be better to pay a little more now for the software knowing that it can be easily
upgraded when needed with minimum disruption and cost to your business.

2. Support

It is important that any software has great support for when something goes wrong (and it always does). Most major companies offer support but you also need to think about support in your local area. It's often much easier to have someone locally come in and do things you need done with your software than have someone trying to help you over the phone. Make some
enquiries with other businesses about the package they use and who helps them.

3. Accountant Interface

It's most unlikely you will handle every aspect of your businesses accounting. Your accountant is an important factor in making the right decision. What software are they used to working with and what do they prefer? Can you easily supply them data and reports from your package without the need for any extra work (which you'll have to pay for). Don't be afraid to ask their opinion as they live and breathe this stuff.

4. Best Value For Money

Once you have selected the right package for your business you may as well get the best value. Shop around as the price can vary greatly and the product is exactly the same. Online merchants such as Amazon may offer better pricing because of the sheer volume of products they sell. However price is only one part of the equation so if their is great merchant locally with support or installation assistance this may be far more valuable.

5. Major Brands

There are two major players in the small business accounting software market. They are QuickBooks and Peachtree. Microsoft is expected to enter the market soon. I recommend choosing a major brand so that you can get regular updates and you know the company will be around as long as your business needs them.

6. Ease of Use

Ease of use is a personal thing but it is worth trying the software before you buy it if you can. Remember to get the person who will be the main user to test the software as well. Also consider how well the package can interact with other software you use. This is an advantage the Microsoft package may have when it's available.

7. Features Needed

I touched on this earlier when talking about thinking ahead as to where you business will be in 5 or 10 years time. Most accounting software packages come in several different versions. If you don't need certain features now and can't see a need for them in the future then don't buy them. The major differences are usually - number of users allowed, inventory management capability and number of reports available.

To sum up think ahead when planning your purchase of small business accounting software. You will make a much smarter business decision that will save you plenty of trouble and money in the future.

About the author:
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Small Business Accounting Software

shrimp resilience levels

shrimp resilience levels

Plasticity shrimp as one indicator of shrimp condition is the crucial factor of success of a process of cultivation, especially on the quality of shrimp that will be produced, so that will indirectly also affect the sale price. Simply shrimp resilience level can be interpreted as the ability of the shrimp body (part of the shell / skin with meat) to go back into shape after a power hit from the outside. Shrimp resilience level can also be equated with "fat" or "skinny" a shrimp because these factors closely linked with the consumption rate of shrimp feed itself.

In practical shrimp resilience level can be determined by simply pressing the shrimp's body using the thumb and forefinger and then the pressure is released. In this way it can be determined the level of resilience and condition of shrimp at that time. Shrimp resilience level can generally be classified into 3 categories, namely:

1. Porous, at this level of shrimp in a condition "very thin" and can be categorized in the severe conditions. In this condition if we suppress the body of shrimp, it would seem there is space between the shell / skin with shrimp meat and the shell tends not / old back into shape. If most of the shrimp population in the pond has the same condition, it can be said that the shrimp in the pond is in a serious condition. This condition if not immediately treated could cause a drop in the shrimp population density significantly, because the shrimp are relatively porous but susceptible to the disease also can trigger cannibalism among shrimp in these ponds.

2. Was, at this level of shrimp in the state of "thin". In this condition if we suppress the shrimp's body, then it will feel the skin / shell and shrimp meat together but in a less tough conditions. If most of the shrimp population in the pond has the same condition, it can be said that the shrimp in the pond is on the condition of being.

3. Chewy, the shrimp at this level in the state of "fat". In this condition if we suppress the shrimp's body, then it will feel the skin / shell and the shrimp meat was very tough. If most of the shrimp population in the pond has the same condition, it can be said that the shrimp in the pond is in good condition.

As an effort to obtain the level of ideal plasticity shrimp feed program should be applied to follow the requirements of the shrimp feed itself. Feed programs that are too tight can cause rotten shrimp. On the other hand the feed program can cause too much shrimp in a state of "fat" although good for shrimp, but can lead to over-feeding that trigger accumulation of feed remaining at the bottom of ponds and if this condition is left too long, it can cause problems for the shrimp itself.

Careful observation of conditions at the time of the shrimp feed on the net to check up and at the time of routine sampling is one of the alternative activities that can be done to control the level of resilience shrimp feed programs implemented (linked to Food Conversion Ratio). Based on the above description, the most ideal conditions is the shrimp in a state of "fat" food program that is still controlled in accordance with the requirements of shrimp.
source: http://marindro-ina.blogspot.com

Tilapia fish breeding

Tilapia fish breeding

By nature, tilapia mating in the waters all year round in tropical regions. The frequency of the largest spawning occurs in the rainy season. In its natural indigo can mate 6-7 times a year. These fish reach the adult stage at the age of 4-5 months and weighs about 250 grams. Productive spawning period is when the parent 1.5-2 years old and weighs over 500 grams per fish. A female tilapia weighing about 800 grams to produce as many larvae 1200-1500 tails every time mate.

Before mating, the male tilapia always make their nests in the form of spherical hollows in the bottom waters of the same diameter size. This nest is a territorial male tilapia that will be used as the location of spawning and fertilization of eggs. During the lust, the male indigo color will change to bright and very aggressive in nature maintain its territorial area.

Tilapia spawning process happened very quickly. Within 50-60 seconds the mating pair of indigo able to produce 20-40 eggs that have been fertilized. Spawning will occur several times with the same partner or different for 20-60 minutes. Tilapia eggs 2.8 mm in diameter, gray or yellow sometimes, not sticky, and sink to the bottom waters. Eggs fertilized incubated in the mother's mouth and will hatch within 4-5 days. Eggs that have hatched called larvae, 4-5 mm long. Newly hatched larvae reared by the mother until the age of 11 days (size 8 mm). The seeds that are not cared for by its mother will swim in a huddle in the shallow waters or on the edge of the pond.
Source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SPAgromedia Pustaka, 2008

Concrete fish pond

Concrete fish pond

Some things to do on the pond embankment and basically dibeton before used are:

1. Fostered the bottom to form a layer of mud required for the artificial cultivation of natural foods. This artificial mud also needed to reduce solar heat into the pond, because the pond will feel much cooler if there is mud made from this fertilizer.

2. Inserted into the pool water to eliminate the influence of cement. In addition, to keep the body in the form of dikes that were not broken down due to ground water pressure from the pool.

3. Drain to remove the bad influence of cement which is usually alkaline effect and the heat in the water.

4. Pool filled with water again to make sure the influence of cement has gone bad.

source: Heru Susanto, PenebarSwadaya, 2009

Kolam Beton

Kolam Beton

Beberapa hal yang harus dilakukan pada kolam yang pematang
maupun dasarnya dibeton sebelum dipergunakan adalah:

1. Dasar kolam dipupuk untuk membentuk lapisan lumpur buatan yang dibutuhkan bagi penumbuhan makanan alami. Lumpur buatan ini juga diperlukan untuk mereduksi panas matahari yang masuk ke dalam kolam, karena kolam akan terasa lebih sejuk jika ada lumpur buatan yang berasal dari pupuk ini.

2. Ke dalam kolam dimasukkan air untuk menghilangkan pengaruh semen. Selain itu juga untuk menjaga agar badan pematang yang masih berupa tanah tidak jebol akibat tekanan air dari dalam kolam.

3. Keringkan untuk menghilangkan pengaruh buruk semen yang biasanya menimbulkan efek basa dan panas dalam air.

4. Kolam diisi air kembali untuk lebih memastikan pengaruh buruk semen sudah hilang.

sumber : Heru Susanto, Penebar Swadaya, 2009

I watched the fish health

I watched the fish health


below will be mentioned technique / how to observe the health of fish, is as follows:

1. How to observe the health of fish by the method of taking a random sample of fish at least 30 fish. then be observed either visually or observation of microscopic

2. visual observation of the observations made on examination of morphology ektoparasit and fish.

3. microscopic observations of observations made to observe or examine the body of pathogens (endoparasit, fungi, bacteria and viruses).

Istilah-istilah pada ikan gurame

Istilah-istilah pada ikan gurame, pada benih ikan gurame :
berdasarkan SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia)

a. Larva adalah fase gurami sejak menetas hingga kuning telur habis dan mulai memperoleh makanan dari lingkungannya serta memiliki bentuk yang berbeda dengan ikan dewasa berumur 10— 12 hari.

b. Induk Pokok (Parent Stock, PS) adalah ikan keturunan pertama dari induk dasar (Grand Parent Stock, GPS).

c. Pendederan Pertama (P I) adalah pemeliharaan benih dari tingkat larva sampai ke tingkat benih ukuran 1-2 cm.

d. Pendederan Kedua (P II) adalah pemeliharaan benih tingkat ukuran 1-2 cm sampai tingkat benih ukuran 2-4 cm.

e. Pendederan Ketiga (P III) adalah pemeliharaan benih dari tingkat ukuran 2-4 cm sampai ke tingkat benih ukuran 4-6 cm.

f. Pendederan Keempat (P IV) adalah pemeliharaan benih dari tingkat ukuran 4-6 cm sampai ke tingkat benih ukuran 6-8 cm.

g. Pendederan Kelima (P V) adalah pemeliharaan benih dari tingkat ukuran 6-8 cm sampai ke tingkat benih ukuran 8-11 cm.

artificial feed for shrimp

artificial feed for shrimp

As in the previous discussion, artificial feed for shrimp feed can be interpreted as made in industrial scale with nutrition and nutritional composition in accordance with the requirements provided for shrimp and food supply in ponds with natural food availability levels have been depleted / exhausted at all. The level of use of artificial feed is different based on the relative scale shrimp farming is applied, as will be described below:

1. In the traditional scale shrimp farming, the use of artificial feed is not / rarely used in the feeding patterns of the application. The use of artificial feed is limited to feed based on the ability of an individual pond management. The materials used in the manufacture of artificial feeding include: bran (bran), corn, flour and fish as a mixture rucah. This type of feed is usually used after reaching the age of shrimp harvested with an estimated population of relatively large shrimp.

2. In the semi-scale shrimp farming-intensive, the use of artificial feed is more focused on anticipating the occurrence of natural food shortages based on the estimated population of shrimp at that time. Artificial feeding is applied not absolute and are more likely incidental.

3. In scale-intensive shrimp farming, the use of artificial feed, especially the industrial scale is absolute as one of the shrimp farming management requirements. Dense stocking a relatively high shrimp is one of the basic ideas to consider. In addition the application of artificial feed is right on the scale intensive shrimp farming can help in estimating the condition and growth of shrimp in the pond

When compared with other types of shrimp feed, and industrial-scale artificial feed characteristics in terms of size and composition of nutritional value it contains. These characteristics made and determined by the manufacturer based on the nature of the industry and the needs of shrimp in the pond.

The size of artificial feed for shrimp is the size of feed pellets in accordance with the needs of the shrimp at the time and under certain conditions. Based on its size, artificial feed outlines usually can be classified into types:

1. Crumble, namely in the form of feed grains powder / fine grain and commonly used in shrimp young age.

2. Pellets, ie artificial feed in the form of small granules to coarse grains and commonly used in adult shrimp until shrimp harvest age.

Besides the size, composition is reviewed on the basis of nutritional content has made the feed formulation that is tailored to the needs of shrimp growth. Nutrients are usually present in the artificial feed such as: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fiber and some other essential substances needed shrimp. The composition of these nutrients may vary depending on the size of feed and industrial manufacture. Under certain conditions of artificial feed is combined with supplemental materials (including vitamins) to overcome these deficiencies and required by the shrimp in a very much needed.

source: http://marindro-ina.blogspot.com

Fresh Water Fish Bawal (Colossoma macropomum)

Fresh Water Fish Bawal

Bawal including one new commodity in the field of fisheries that have high economic value. Freshwater Bawal Latin names of fish Colossoma macropomum not native to Indonesia, but were imported from countries Brazil, South America a few years back. To distinguish bawal found in the sea, this Brazilian bawal called bawal fresh water because it is the whole life cycle in fresh water.


The first time you go to Indonesia, this fish is an ornamental fish to be maintained in an aquarium or garden ponds, but because the rate of growth is very fast and can reach large sizes, bawal freshwater grown less worthy of display. Because of that, supported by good taste and juicy flesh, bawal fresh water became very popular as fish consumption. The spread of these fish belong to very quickly that within a short time had a lot of farmers who cares. One thing is profitable, bawal fish freshwater fish species which are resistant to disease. So far have not heard reports of cases of disease dangerous to fish.


a. Classification
Phyllum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Famli: Charasidae
Genus: Colossoma
Species: Colossoma mocropomum
Foreign Name: tambaqui
Local Name: bawal, bawal freshwater

source: Khairul Amri, S. Pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SP, AgroMedia Pustaka, 200

Budidaya CACING TANAH SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK ALTERNATIF KAYA NUTRISI

Budidaya CACING TANAH SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK ALTERNATIF KAYA NUTRISI

Summary by:yerikho
Cacing merupakan bahan pakan alternatif bagi ternak unggas dan ikan. Binatang ini mengandung gizi tinggi antara lain : Protein 64-76, lemak 7 - 10 %, energi 900-1400 kal serta mineral,air dan asam amino paling lengkap. Untuk memenuhinya cacing dapat dibudidayakan dengan membuat kotak dari kayu,plastik,atau kaca. sebagai media hidup bagi cacing adalah campuran kompos dengan beberapa bahan organik (limbah pertanian,limbah pasar). Masukkan bahan tersebut sampai 15 cm kemudian air secukupnya agar medianya gembur dan basah. Aduk merata hingga terjadi fermentasi. Setelah 4 minggu masukkan kotoran hewan dengan perbandingan 70% media hidup dan 30% kotoran hewan.Kapur ditambahkan 1 % supaya PH netral.Kemudian masukkan cacing tanah ke dalamnya seberat media hidup yang telah disediakan. Supaya tidak kekeringan permukaan media dilapisi plastik, karung atau bahan lain yang tidak tembus cahaya.Makanan yang dibutuhkan cacing adalah kotoran hewan,baik sapi, kambing ataupun ayam dalam bentuk bubuk atau bubur seberat cacing yang dimasukkan ke dalam kotak pemeliharaan. Hama yang diwaspadai : semut,kumbang,burung,kelabang,lipan, ayam,itik,tikus,katak,tupai,angsa,lintah, dan kutu. Setelah 2,5 - 3 bulan cacing sudah mulai bisa dipanen ditandai banyaknya kascing (kotoran cacing) dan kokon (kumpulan telur cacing). Sebagian cacing dewasa sebaiknya digunakan menjadi bibit.

Budidaya CACING TANAH SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK ALTERNATIF KAYA NUTRISI Originally published in Shvoong: http://id.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/engineering/1905389-budidaya-cacing-tanah-sebagai-pakan/

Spawning ponds labi-labi - Trionyx sinensis

Spawning ponds labi-labi

labi-labi (Trionyx sinensis) who first imported from Taiwan had successfully cultivated in Indonesia. Conditions on the spawning pond is labi-labi that should be open and not blocked, this is because the parent labi-labi require adequate sunlight in the spawning process.

Fish spawning ponds betutu - Oxyeleotris marmoroto

Fish spawning ponds betutu

fish cultivation techniques betutu (Oxyeleotris marmoroto) done in two ways, namely natural spawning and hatching in induction (mating injection).

on the natural spawning season is not known, can be 3-4 times a year. betutu fish have a desire to mate is usually during the rainy season. the breeding season this betutu fish will increase. At the peak of the dry season (July to September) betutu bit lazy to multiply, but in the intensive care betutu fish can mate with a quality feeding.

Spawning naturally spawning took place in the pool size 20 x 10 m2 with a water depth of 70-80 cm or more like a narrow cement. Water flow is maintained around 25 liters / minute.

the spawning pool is equipped with a triangular-shaped nest made of asbestos which are united, measuring 30 cm. Place this egg and pasting into an egg collector.

Fish pond with Causeway Wall

Fish pond with Causeway Wall

Treatment for the dikes walled pond before used is as follows.

1. Bottom of the pool is processed to form a layer of mud that is needed to grow natural food. Mud is also necessary to prevent the fish into the center channel is a fish pond when the fish harvest.

2. Inserted into the pool water to eliminate the influence of cement. In addition, to keep the body in the form of dikes that were not broken down due to ground water pressure from the pool.
3. Flatten the bottom surface after drying so that no puddles of water, so the fish do not get stuck at the bottom of the pool.
4. Pool filled with water again to make sure the influence of cement has gone bad.
source: Heru Susanto, PenebarSwadaya, 2009

Shrimp Differences Male and Female

Shrimp Differences Male and Female

male prawns
- Abdominal body shape is more slender and its size pleuron shorter
- Location of sex partners are at the foot of the road base five
- Shape and size of the second leg is very striking way big and long like a pole

female prawns
- Part of the body and pleuron widened a bit long
- Genitals base pairs located at the foot of the third way
- Couple feet smaller second road and not striking

source: Khairul Amri, S.pi, M. Si and Khairuman, SP, Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

Rearing containers at Karamba Floating nets

Rearing containers at Karamba Floating nets


a. Framework
1. Material: water resistant wood, bamboo or metal anti-rust paint
2. Size: 7 x 7 m2
3. Form of four, square.

b. Buoy
1. Material: Styrofoam, plastic drum
2. Cylindrical form
3. Size: 120 liters volume
4. Number: minimum 8 pieces / units of the raft

c. Anchor rope
1. Material: polyethylene (PE)
2. Length: 1.5 times the maximum water depth
3. number: 4 pieces / units of floating net
4. Diameter: 1.5 cm minimum

d. anchor
1. Material: iron, concrete blocks, stone
2. Form an anchor, a square
3. Weight: 40 kg / fruit
4. Total: 4 pieces / units of floating net

e. net
1. Material: polyethylene, PE 210 D / 18
2. The size of the net eye: 1 inch
3. Colors: green, black
4. Net Size: 7 x 7 x 3.5 m3

f. Waring
1. Material: nylon
2. The size of the eye. Waring: 1 cm
3. Colors: green, black
4. Waring Size: 3 x 3 x 1.5 m3

source: Khairul Amri, S.Pi. M. Si and Khairuman, S.P. Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

Wadah Pemeliharaan di Karamba jaring Apung

Wadah Pemeliharaan di Karamba jaring Apung


a. Kerangka
1. Bahan: kayu tahan air, bambu atau besi yang dicat anti karat
2. Ukuran: 7 x 7 m2
3. Bentuk empat, persegi.

b. Pelampung
1. Bahan: Styrofoam, drum plastik
2. Bentuk silindris
3. Ukuran: volume 120 liter
4. Jumlah: minimal 8 buah/unit rakit

c. Tali jangkar
1. Bahan: polietilena (PE)
2. Panjang: 1,5 kali kedalaman perairan maksimal
3. jumlah: 4 utas/unit jaring apung
4. Diameter: minimal 1,5 cm

d. jangkar
1. Bahan: besi, blok beton, batu
2. Bentuk jangkar, segi empat
3. Berat: 40 kilogram/buah
4. Jumlah: 4 buah/unit jaring apung

e. jaring
1. Bahan: polietilena, PE 210 D/ 18
2. Ukuran mata jaring: 1 inci
3. Warna: hijau, hitam
4. Ukuran jaring: 7 x 7 x 3,5 m3

f. Waring
1. Bahan: nilon
2. Ukuran mata. waring: 1 cm
3. Warna: hijau, hitam
4. Ukuran waring: 3 x 3 x 1,5 m3

sumber : Khairul Amri, S.Pi. M.Si dan Khairuman, S.P. Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

Kolam dengan Pematang Tembok

Kolam dengan Pematang Tembok

Perlakuan untuk kolam yang pematangnya ditembok sebelum dipergunakan adalah sebagai berikut.

1. Dasar kolam dicangkul untuk membentuk lapisan lumpur yang dibutuhkan untuk menumbuhkan makanan alami. Lumpur juga diperlukan untuk mencegah ikan masuk ke dalam kemalir (saluran tengah) ketika dilakukan panen ikan.

2. Ke dalam kolam dimasukkan air untuk menghilangkan pengaruh semen. Selain itu, untuk menjaga agar badan pematang yang masih berupa tanah tidak jebol akibat tekanan air dari dalam kolam.
3. Ratakan permukaan dasar kolam setelah dikeringkan agar tidak ada genangan air, sehingga benih ikan tidak terjebak di dasar kolam.
4. Kolam diisi air kembali untuk lebih memastikan pengaruh buruk semen sudah hilang.
sumber :Heru Susanto, Penebar Swadaya, 2009

Kondisi Dasar Tambak ( Metode Pengamatan)

Kotoran di dasar tambak biasanya berupa lumpur hitam yang mengendap di dasar serta mengandung H2S dan NH3 yang bersifat asam dalam dosis tertentu dapat membahayakan bagi udang. Kotoran ini berasal dari proses metabolisme yang dilakukan oleh organisme perairan tersebut, mortalitas plankton dan sisa pakan udang yang tidak terkonsumsi serta pengaruh dari treatment budidaya lainnya. Keberadaan lumpur hitam di dasar tambak dapat teramati melalui cara antara lain:

1. Pengamatan warna kulit/khitin udang melalui sampling berkala maupun pengamatan ancho. Kondisi dasar tambak yang kotor dan penuh lumpur biasanya berdampak pada penampakan kulit udang yang cenderung berwarna lebih gelap dari keadaan normal. Pada saat dilakukan sampling sampling kotoran dasar tambak/lumpur biasanya ikut terbawa pada jala yang ditebarkan ke dalam tambak.

2. Pengecekkan langsung ke dasar tambak dengan melakukan penyelaman untuk melihat kondisi dasar tambak dan kondisi udang.

3. Melihat saluran pembuangan air tambak pada saat dilakukan sirkulasi air dengan memperhitungkan jangka waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengeluarkan kotoran/lumpur tersebut. Pada kegiatan ini juga perlu diperhatikan tingkat kelancaran saluran pembuangan dalam mengeluarkan air tambak, jika terjadi penyumbatan maka dibutuhkan identifikasi lanjutan terhadap penyebab penyumbatan tersebut. Faktor lain yang juga perlu dipertimbangkan adalah keberadaan bangkai udang yang ikut terbawa keluar bersama air tambak berdasarkan jumlah dan kondisi bangkai udang tersebut agar dapat diambil alternatif keputusan yang mengarah pada harvesting decision ataupun treatment decision.

4. Pengamatan terhadap permukaan air tambak pada saat kincir air tidak dioperasikan. Kondisi dasar tambak yang kotor dan penuh lumpur biasanya mengeluarkan gelembung-gelembung udara yang muncul dari dasar tambak ke arah permukaan air, jika di permukaan tambak banyak dijumpai fenomena ini maka kondisi dasar tambak relatif sangat kotor dan penuh lumpur.

Pemantauan kondisi dasar tambak perlu dilakukan secara cermat baik melalui pengamatan berkala maupun yang bersifat insidental agar permasalahan yang terjadi dapat segera ditangani. Permasalahan cukup serius yang biasanya terjadi adalah kematian udang di dasar tambak karena berbagai permasalahan yang tidak terdeteksi. Kematian udang di dasar tambak yang disebabkan oleh proses moulting biasa dijumpai dan bersifat alamiah karena adanya kanibalisme dari udang lainnya dalam kuantitas masih berada pada batas toleransi yang ditetapkan. Sedangkan kematian udang di dasar tambak yang bersifat massal dan disebabkan oleh permasalahan yang tidak terdeteksi biasanya bangkai udang terkonsentrasi di sentral pembuangan dan pada tingkat yang lebih parah bangkai udang menyebar di dasar tambak.
sumber :http://marindro-ina.blogspot.com

Kolam pemijahan udang galah

Kolam pemijahan udang galah

Udang galah (Macrobrochium rosenbergii) bisa dikawinkan di dalam kolam pemijahan. Kematangan telur udang betina yang siap dibuahi induk jantan dapat dilihat dari perkembangan ovarium yang terletak di bagian punggung (dorsal) dari tubuh udang (cepholothorox).
Kolam pemijahan udang galah dilengkapi dengan shelter (peneduh) dan tempat bersembunyi bagi induk karena udang galah tergolong binatang nockturnal.
sumber : Heru Susanto, Penebar Swadaya, 2009

Kolam pemijahan belut

Kolam pemijahan belut

Sekeliling kolam pemijahan belut biasanya ditembok, karena belut termasuk non ikan yang suka menembus dinding pematang untuk membuat sarang. Sehingga tidak jarang berakibat pada bocornya kolam belut. Kolam pemijahan belut umumnya hanya berukuran 10-20 m2. Dasar kolam yang berjarak 1 m dari pematang dicangkul agar terbentuk lumpur. Kolam diberi pupuk kandang dengan dosis 3 kg/m2 yang disebarkan ke permukaan dasar kolam yang sudah dicangkul tadi. Kolam diisi air setinggi 20 cm di bagian terdalam dan 15 cm di bagian terdangkal. Induk belut yang dimasukkan akan membuat sarang pada bagian dasar yang gembur.
sumber : Heru Susanto, Penebar Swadaya, 2009

Kolam pemijahan ikan betutu

Kolam pemijahan ikan betutu

tehnik memijahkan ikan betutu (Oxyeleotris marmoroto) dilakukan dengan dua cara, yaitu pemijahan secara alami dan pemijahan secara induksi (kawin suntik).

pada pemijahan alami tidak mengenal musim, bisa 3-4 kali dalam satu tahun. ikan betutu mempunyai keinginan untuk memijah biasanya ketika musim hujan. pada musim hujan perkembangbiakan ikan betutu ini akan meningkat. Pada puncak musim kemarau (Juli-September) betutu agak malas untuk berkembangbiak, tetapi pada pemeliharaan intensif ikan betutu ini dapat memijah dengan pemberian pakan yang berkualitas.

Pemijahan secara alami dilaksanakan di kolam pemijahan yang berukuran 20 x 10 m2 dengan kedalaman air 70-80 cm atau pada bak semen yang lebih sempit. Debit air dijaga sekitar 25 liter/menit.

pada kolam pemijahan dilengkapi dengan sarang berbentuk segitiga yang terbuat dari asbes yang disatukan, berukuran 30 cm. Tempat penempel telur ini sekaligus menjadi kolektor telur.

Kolam pemijahan labi-labi

Kolam pemijahan labi-labi

labi-labi (Trionyx sinensis) yang pertama kali didatangkan dari Taiwan sudah berhasil dibudidayakan di indonesia. Syarat pada kolam pemijahan labi-labi ini yaitu harus terbuka dan tidak boleh terhalang, hal ini dikarenakan induk labi-labi membutuhkan sinar matahari yang cukup dalam melakukan proses pemijahannya.

Shrimp feed

Shrimp feed


Shrimp feed is one of the important parameters in the cultivation of shrimp, because it is a contributor to the cost of production compared to most other parameters (mainly on shrimp cultivation intensive pattern). Referring to the rationale for granted that the perpetrators had knowledge of the cultivation of shrimp feed quality parameters that are not wrong in determining the shrimp feed that will be used.

Mostly the shrimp feed that will be used should be able to accommodate two components namely: (i) shrimp need level, and (ii) the behavior / properties of shrimp. The level of shrimp to feed the need not only include how much the quantity of feed that can be consumed, but also include the nutritional value of ingredients (nutrients) needed for growing shrimp. While behavioral component includes shrimp food habits (type of feed what is usually consumed by the shrimp) and feeding habits (how to eat shrimp feed) so that these components also determine the quality parameters of shrimp feed (discussion related to food habits and feeding habits have been described in the discussion earlier).

Based on the above description, the parameters that can be used in determining the quality of shrimp feed are as follows:

1. Nutritional feed, which contain no nutritional value to feed them. Mostly the existing nutrition in shrimp feed should include: (i) protein, (i) fat (fat), (iii) fiber (fiber), and (iv) the ash was also factors other than moisture feed (feed mouisterize). Nutritional / nutritional value of feed is usually specified by the manufacturer on the packaging, including the production code and expiration date. (This discussion is not going to explain about the meaning and function of each of the elements of nutrition, because it leads to knowledge of nutrition science and nutrition).

2. Solubility level of shrimp feed in the water, the time it takes a feed to be soluble in water. These parameters can also be said as the degree of plasticity (hard or soft) texture of a food, or in other words, the harder the texture of a shrimp feed, feed the late time will be longer, too.

Solubility parameters of feed rate in water is closely related to the shrimp's ability to tolerate the level of resilience in the texture of a food to consumed. If the texture of a food is too hard, usually will not eat shrimp feed and will try to find other food sources. Conversely, if the texture is too soft food, then feed it will be soluble in water without a chance to be consumed by the shrimp.

3. The smell of food. These parameters related to the nature of the shrimp in the search for more food sources rely on the sense of smell. The smell of the feed should be able to provide odor stimuli that can attract the shrimp to consume. If the feed does not have a scent that can attract the feared shrimp feed will be wasted for nothing in the waters and this condition can lead to accumulation of feed remaining at the bottom of ponds.

These three parameters mentioned above are the basic parameters that should be understood by the perpetrators of shrimp cultivation, so that no confusion in determining the product / brand of feed that will be used in the process of shrimp cultivation.
source: http://marindro-ina.blogspot.com

fish soup

fish soup
(Bogor)

1. MATERIALS
1) Fish ¼ kg
2) Margarine 2 tablespoons
3) flour 2 tablespoons cornstarch
2. BUMBU
1) 7 pieces red onion
2) ½ teaspoon pepper
3) 2 sticks celery
4) Leaf onion 2 bunches
5) salt 1 ½ tablespoons
3. HOW DEVELOPMENT
1) Fish cleaned, salt and ½ tablespoon of tamarind,
then boiled with water 2 / 3 cup, boiled until cooked,
after that the meat is taken, the remaining fish stock (water perebus) filtered
and stored.
2) red onion, finely sliced green onion saute until yellow,
fluid poured flour that had been withdrawn with 4 tablespoons
ate water and pour the fish stock little by little.
3) The flesh of fish entered, as he stirred up
boiling.
4) served hot spiked with slices of celery.
Jakarta, March 2001
Source: Indonesian Cooking Book Collection
Adapted by: Ika Budiawati, Kemal

salted fish

salted fish

Salted fish is cooked food preservation by salting and
drying.
There are 3 ways for it:
1) dry salting drying;
2) wet salting (boiled in salt water) by drying;
3) salinity combined with fermentation (making the fish
bike).
2. MATERIALS
1) Sea Fish (fresh fish) 10 kg
2) 3 kg of kitchen salt
3. TOOLS
1) Bak (wooden barrels) where the salinity
2) Knives
3) Tampah (nyiru)
4) Chest Wood (bamboo basket)
4. HOW DEVELOPMENT
1) Dispose of fish guts (do not let the bile rupture);
2) Cut-cut (for large fish) with a thick 2 ~ 3 cm, apart from
back (for medium or small fish);
3) Wash, add to the container (wooden barrels) and sprinkle with salt;
4) Arrange the tub (wooden barrels) are punctuated with a layer of cross-salt
then close the timber;
5) Save in the room who did not receive direct sunlight
for 3 days;
6) dry to dry for about 3 days;
7) Enter in bamboo baskets or wooden boxes.
Note:
1) Salty fish is of good quality if you qualify Industry Standard
Indonesia (SII), namely:
a. Has a smell, taste, and the normal color, and good form;
b. The most high-yield water 25%
c. Salt content (NaCl) between 10% ~ 20%;
d. Does not contain a metal mold, did not happen milking bacteria;
2) There are several ways to speed up the drying of salted fish:
a. Drying fish on the rack as high ± 1 m from the ground, in
open space;
b. Drying fish in the space of plastic dryer (solar dryer);
c. Hot air flows into the surface of the fish in the room (mechanical
dryer);
d. Setting the way for drying fish, do not overlap;
e. Chop meat fish;
f. Making cuts in the fish meat.
Jakarta, March 2000
Source: Tri Margono, Detty Suryati, Sri Hartinah, Technology Handbook
Food, Information Center for Women in Development-LIPI PDII
in cooperation with the Swiss Development Cooperation, 1993.
Editor: Esti, Agus Sediadi

Spawning pond frog

Spawning pond frog

Bull frog (Rana catesbiana) multiply naturally in the environment habitat during the rainy season and the temperature was. Bull Frog breeding ponds are engineered with a complete drum placed on a height to create artificial rain.

on the bottom of the pool frog spawning ground must be processed so that the pool becomes loose, and then after that bottom is paved with manure and compost. after the fertilized ponds planted with water plants such as Hydrillo verticillato and Myriophyllum submersum, lotus, water hyacinth and Velvetleaf.

Kolam pemijahan kodok

Kolam pemijahan kodok

Kodok lembu (Rana catesbiana) berkembangbiak secara alami di habitat lingkungannya pada saat musim hujan dan suhu udara sedang. Kolam pemijahan Kodok Lembu biasanya direkayasa dengan dilengkapi drum yang ditempatkan pada suatu ketinggian untuk membuat hujan buatan.

pada dasar kolam pemijahan kodok harus dicangkul agar tanah kolam menjadi gembur, kemudian setelah dicangkul dasar kolam ditaburi dengan pupuk kandang dan pupuk kompos. setelah dipupuk kolam ditanami tanaman air seperti Hydrillo verticillato dan Myriophyllum submersum, teratai, eceng gondok dan genjer.

Red Arowana breeding pond

Red Arowana breeding pond

Red arowana (Sclerophages formosus) mated in the pond soil. Arowana parent males and females united in the same pond. Dams routinely incubate the eggs were removed for larvae transferred to the aquarium.
on the edge of the fence made pond fed the door to catch the parent's brood Arowana.

Kolam pemijahan ikan kowan

Kolam pemijahan ikan kowan

Ikan kowan (Ctenopharyngodon idella CV) tidak dipijahkan di kolam seperti jenis ikan pada umumnya tetapi ikan ini dipijahkan dengan cara kawin suntik (induce spawning) karena ikan yang berasal dari China ini tidak bisa memijah secara alami. Oleh karena itu, kolam pemijahan untuk ikan kowan adalah berupa kolam (bak) semen yang berada di hatchery.

Fish spawning ponds sepat siam

Fish spawning ponds sepat siam

for fish spawning ponds Siamese sepat can use regular pool. in pond water entry is not required for this fish Siamese sepat requires calm water did not like the rushing water. Importation of water in the spawning pond is only done to replace the water that came out just as a result of leakage and evaporation ponds only. ponds to closed, to cover part of the pond, can be planted floating water plants like water hyacinth. it is adjusted because of the nature sepat fish conjoined at the time of spawning this will make bubbles in substart.

Kolam pemijahan ikan sepat siam

Kolam pemijahan ikan sepat siam

untuk kolam pemijahan ikan sepat siam dapat mempergunakan kolam biasa. pada kolam pemasukan air tidak diperlukan sebab ikan sepat siam ini membutuhkan air tenang tidak menyukai air yang deras. Pemasukan air pada kolam pemijahan hanya dilakukan untuk mengganti air yang keluar saja seperti akibat kolam bocor dan penguapan saja. kolam perlu ditutup, untuk menutupi sebagian permukaan kolam, dapat ditanam tumbuhan air yang mengapung seperti eceng gondok. hal Ini disesuaikan karena sifat ikan sepat siam ini pada waktu pemijahan akan membuat gelembung busa pada substart.

INITIAL FISH lifecycle

INITIAL FISH lifecycle



Attention to the processes contained in the early development of fish life is interesting because it deals with the stability of fish populations in some waters. Mortality in the early development of fish life is generally very large fluctuations in mortality which have major stakes in determining variations in the production of each year. However, this still requires digs further research to develop useful. Even more to the species of tropical fish, many that have not been disclosed.




Fish eggs with their parts.
Vertebrate eggs, according to the number of deutoplasma (egg yolk, etc.) contained in the cytoplasma, can be divided into two (Nelsen, 1953):

a. Eggs homolecithal (isolecithal).
This egg groups present only in mammal. Number of deutoplasma few bouts, especially in the form of grain-yolk fat and the largest in the cytoplasma.

b. Telolecithal eggs.
In the eggs of this group there are a number of egg yolks together in one poles. Ganoids fish eggs have the same kind of eggs that are not Amphibia-legged (Gymnophiona) where the number of relatively large yolk and gathered at one of poles. Romer (1955) called such groups of eggs mesolecithal name.



Eggs in Teleostei fish and massive Elasmobranchia deutoplasmanya. Protoplasm of these eggs will soon take part in some of the first division, are few. Egg yolks do not participate in the processes of cleavage, whereas embryo development is limited to that found in cytoplasma polar anima.



Ovipar fish eggs are not fertilized (Fig. 11), the exterior is coated by a membrane called a capsule or chorion membrane. Under another chorion.terdapat second membrane called the vitelline membrane. The third membrane surrounding the egg and the plasma membrane called the plasma membrane.


All three membranes are all stuck together and there is no space between them. Section contained egg cytoplasma usually gathered on the top of the egg poles called anima. Namely lower polar opposites on many egg yolks. These poles are called polar vegetative. Actually, the fish egg yolk is almost fills the entire cell volume. Egg yolk in the middle of the situation is more intense than the yellow egg on the edge because of the cytoplasma. Apart from that there are many in the cytoplasma around the egg nucleus. In chorion, there is a micropyle is a small hole where the entry of sperm into the egg at the time of conception.

If the new egg from the parent body and in contact with water one of two things will happen. First chorion membranes are released by vitelline membrane and form a space. This space is called the perivitelline space (Fig. 12). The entry of water into the eggs caused by pressure differences osmose and imbibisi protein found on the surface of the yolk. Vitelline membrane is a barrier to the entry of water should not seep into the egg.



The second process is hardening of the chorion membrane. The time required for hardening is not the same chorion membrane depends on Calcium ions contained in water. According to Hoar (1957) incubated eggs in water containing Calcium chlorida 0.0001 M, the membrane will chorionnya harder than the eggs that hatched in distilled water. This chorion hardening will prevent conception polyspermi. With the perivitelline space beneath the hardened chorion, the egg can move more freely during their development. The influence of waves against the position of the developing embryo is reduced because of the perivitelline space.





Conception
In the process of fertilization, spermatozoa enter the egg through the micropyle is present in chorion. Each spermatozoon has the same opportunity to fertilize an egg. However, because the room where the meeting of egg fertilization with spermatozoa in fish ovipar very large, the opportunity to meet the spermatozoon with the egg is actually very small.




To overcome these so successful fertilization, spermatozoa released a huge amount compared with the number of eggs to be fertilized. In the optimum condition the new fish spermatozoa released from the body has the power to move in water 1 - 2 minutes.



According to research done by Hartman and also by Motalenti (Hoar, 1957), eggs and sperm are released from the new parent body, issued a useful chemical in the process of fertilization. According to most of American literature, substances released by the egg and sperm are called Gamone. Gamone derived from egg is Gynamone I and II Gynamone. Gamone from spermatozoa is Androgamone I and II Androgamone. Gynamone I serve to accelerate the movement and attract spermatozoa from the same species are chemotaksis. Gynamone II is to collect and retain spermatozoa on the egg surface. I Androgamone function is to suppress the activity of spermatozoa while still in the genital tract of male fish. While Androgamone II is to create a soft surface charion as opposed to the function Gynamone II.



Egg layers in relative already in the water is hard and can not be penetrated by spermatozoa except through the micropyle shaped like a funnel. A large funnel hole located on the outside and a small hole on the inside. The hole was so small that could not be traversed by more than one sperm at a time. When the spermatozoon into the funnel hole, it is the plug for the rest, and after it entered the spermatozoon head, the tail off. Thus the general conception of the fish when it monosperma where one spermatozoon will go fast changes occurring in the micropyle.



Polyspermi If fertilization occurs, only one spermatozoon is merged together with the egg nucleus. Others are exploited by the egg as a food ingredient. Shortly after fertilization, the egg contents shrink slightly due to the outbreak of cavity contained alveoli in the egg. In the event more enlarged perivitelline cavity so that the fertilized egg can be a rotational movement during their development until they hatch.


Source: M. Ichsan Effendie, 1997

Pond fish spawning tambakan

Pond fish spawning tambakan

Tambakan fish spawning in the pond can be used, ie the pool that can be irrigated and can be dried.

tambakan fish breeding ponds before being used to breed fish master first tambakan dried. Cracks in the bottom of the pool because the drying is not detrimental, because the eggs are tambakan floating planktonic eggs is because many globul contain oil. Dense stocking the pond spawning parent of one pair per m2.

Kolam pemijahan ikan tambakan

Kolam pemijahan ikan tambakan

Pemijahan ikan tambakan dapat dilakukan pada kolam biasa, yaitu kolam yang dapat diairi dan dapat dikeringkan.

kolam pemijahan ikan tambakan sebelum digunakan untuk memijahkan induk ikan tambakan terlebih dahulu dikeringkan. Retak pada dasar kolam karena pengeringan tidak merugikan, karena telur tambakan bersifat planktonic yaitu telur terapung karena banyak mengandung globul minyak. Padat penebaran induk pada kolam pemijahan yaitu satu pasang per m2.

spawning ponds gurame

spawning ponds gurame

carp spawning ponds, pools form used in the breed is a form of carp pond that is generally used by income (input) and expenditure (output) a smooth pond of water). materials and equipment should be provided in the carp spawning ponds are fibers, fibers used as the parent nest-making material that will flourish Gurame, bamboo sticks and dustpan are placed at a distance of 20 cm below the water line, dustpan and bamboo is used as a place to be making a nest. carp spawning ponds are used for spawning size adjusted to the number of existing dams in the pool. 200-300 m2/10-15 usually the mother's tail (the mother's tail 5 / 100m2)

Tilapia fish breeding pond

Tilapia fish breeding pond

forms for tilapia fish spawning pond is usually the general form of a good pool, with a little muddy pond bottom. Income and expenditure lines in the pond water spawning fish should be smooth and indigo kuntinue.

The need for every pair of spawning ponds are sized stem 4-20 m2, with a different depth of the pond or into the range from 0.5 m to 1 m.

the tilapia fish has a special feature with the other pond fish are spawning in the spawning pond also serves as a hatchery pond and seed treatment. Parent who has been breeding tilapia are usually left to care for children in the spawning ponds.

Kolam pemijahan ikan nila

Kolam pemijahan ikan nila

bentuk untuk kolam pemijahan ikan nila biasanya merupakan bentuk yang secara umum dari kolam yang baik, dengan dasar kolam sedikit berlumpur. saluran Pemasukan dan pengeluaran air pada kolam pemijahan ikan nila harus lancar dan kuntinue.

Kebutuhan kolam pemijahan setiap pasang induk adalah berukuran 4-20 m2, dengan kedalaman kolam berbeda atau bervariasi antara kedalam 0,5m sampai 1 m.

pada ikan nila mempunyai ciri khusus dengan kolam pemijahan ikan lainnya yaitu pada kolam pemijahan berfungsi juga sebagai kolam penetasan dan perawatan benih. Induk nila yang telah memijah biasanya dibiarkan untuk merawat anaknya di kolam pemijahan tersebut.

kolam pemijahan ikan gurame

kolam pemijahan gurame

kolam pemijahan ikan gurame, bentuk kolam yang dipergunakan dalam memijahkan ikan gurame adalah bentuk kolam yang secara umum digunakan yaitu dengan pemasukan (input) dan pengeluaran (output) air kolam yang lancar). bahan dan alat yang harus disediakan di kolam pemijahan ikan gurame ini adalah ijuk, ijuk digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat sarang induk Gurame yang akan memijah, ranting bambu dan pengki yang ditempatkan dengan jarak 20 cm di bawah permukaan air, pengki dan bambu digunakan sebagai tempat untuk dijadikan pembuatan sarang. kolam pemijahan ikan gurame yang dipergunakan untuk pemijahan luasnya disesuaikan dengan jumlah induk betina yang ada di kolam. biasanya 200-300 m2/10-15 ekor induk betina (5 ekor induk betina/100m2)

Benih ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio Linneaus) strain sinyonya kelas benih sebar

Benih ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio Linneaus) strain sinyonya kelas benih sebar
Penulis : Admin

Benih sebar ikan mas strain sinyonya kelas benih sebar adalah keturunan pertama dari induk pokok yang memenuhi standar mutu benih sebar dan terdiri dari larva, kebul, putihan, belo dan sangkal yang telah teruji keunggulannya serta siap untuk disebarluaskan kepada petani/pengguna.

PERSYARATAN

1 Kualitatif
1) Larva : hasil penetasan telur dari pemijahan induk kelas induk pokok dengan induk jantan dan induk betina bukan satu keturunan; warna transparan; bentuk tubuh normal; berenang di permukaan air menyebar di tepi wadah.
2) Kebul : benih berumur 4 hari; bagian perut berwarna putih, bagian punggung berwarna kuning; bentuk tubuh normal; mata : bulat; berenang bergerombol di permukaan tepi wadah dan aktif menyongsong air baru serta ekor bergerak sangat cepat sehingga tidak terlihat jelas gerakannya.
3) Putihan : benih berumur 20 hari; bagian perut berwarna putih, bagian punggung berwarna kuning tua dan ekor berwarna terang bersinar; bentuk tubuh sempurna; mata bulat; berenang bergerombol di permukaan air dan aktif menyongsong air baru.
4) Belo : benih umur 40 hari; bagian perut berwarna putih kekuningan; bagian punggung berwarna kuning dan ekor berwarna terang bersinar; bentuk tubuh panjang dan kepala tidak besar; mata bulat; berenang bergerombol di permukaan air dan aktif menyongsong arus.
5) Sangkal : benih umur 70 hari; bagian perut berwarna kuning muda; bagian punggung berwarna kuning tua dan ekor berwarna terang bersinar; bentuk tubuh panjang dan kepala tidak besar; bentuk mata tidak terlalu bulat; berenang bergerombol di permukaan air dan aktif menyongsong arus.

2 Kuantitatif
Persyaratan kuantitatif benih ikan mas strain sinyonya kelas benih sebar seperti pada tabel dibawah ini :

1. Umur Maksimal
a. Larva : 7 hari
b. Kebul : 20 hari
c. Putihan : 40 hari
d. Belo : 70 hari
e. Sangkal : 90 hari

2. Panjang Total Minimal
a. Larva : 0,6 – 0,8 cm
b. Kebul : 1 – 3 cm
c. Putihan : 3 – 5 cm
d. Belo : 5 – 8 cm
e. Sangkal : 8 – 12 cm

3. Bobot Minimal
a. Larva : –
b. Kebul : 0,2 gram
c. Putihan : 3 gram
d. Belo : 6 gram
e. Sangkal : 10 gram

4. Keseragaman Ukuran Minimal
a. Larva : 100 %
b. Kebul : > 95 %
c. Putihan : > 90 %
d. Belo : > 90 %
e. Sangkal : > 90 %

5. Keseragaman Warna Minimal
a. Larva : 100 %
b. Kebul : > 95 %
c. Putihan : > 90 %
d. Belo : > 90 %
e. Sangkal : > 90 %

6. Keseragaman Kelincahan Gerak Akibat Rangsangan Luar
a. Larva : –
b. Kebul : 100 %
c. Putihan : 100 %
d. Belo : 100 %
e. Sangkal : 100 %

7. Keseragaman Gerak Melawan Arus
a. Larva : –
b. Kebul : 80 %
c. Putihan : 95 %
d. Belo : 100 %
e. Sangkal : 100 %

CARA PENGUKURAN DAN PEMERIKSAAN
1) Umur : ditentukan sejak telur menetas berdasarkan catatan.
2) Panjang total : dari ujung mulut sampai ujung sirip ekor menggunakan penggaris atau jangka sorong dalam milimeter atau centimeter.
3) Bobot badan : menimbang contoh ikan dalam gram.
4) Kesehatan ikan : a) pengambilan contoh dilakukan secara acak sebanyak 10 % dari populasi atau minimal 30 ekor, untuk pengamatan visual maupun mikroskopik; b) pengamatan visual dilakukan untuk memeriksa gejala penyakit dan kesempurnaan morfologi ikan; c) pengamatan mikroskopik dilakukan untuk pemeriksaan jasad patogen (parasit, jamur, virus dan bakteri) di laboratorium.
5) Respon : a) dengan mengalirkan air di wadah pemeliharaan atau penampungan, benih yang sehat akan bergerak/berenang melawan arus; b) dengan memberikan pakan di wadah pemeliharaan atau penampungan, benih yang sehat responsif terhadap pemberian pakan; c) dengan memberikan rangsangan pada wadah pemeliharaan atau penampungan,benih yang sehat akan bergerak menyebar dengan cepat bila ada gangguan.
sumber : http://www.perikanan-budidaya.go.id

Ikan Mas Sinyonya

ikan mas strain sinyonya adalah jenis ikan hasil seleksi yang secara taksonomi termasuk spesies Cyprinus Linneaus dan pertama kali di temukan di daerah Tasikmalaya Jawa Barat. Berwarna kuning muda sampai kuning, bersisik penuh, badan relatif lebar, perut besar, kepala normal, bentuk kuduk rata, mata sipit, kecepatan tumbuh relatif sedang dan secara umum dipelihara di daerah Jawa Barat dan Sumatera Utara.
sumber : Khairuman, SP dan Khairul Amri, S.Pi, M.Si, Agromedia Pustaka, 2008

cara memeriksa kemurnian ikan

untuk memastikan apakah ikan murni atau tidak maka ada cara untuk memeriksanya yaitu dilakukan dengan cara pengambilan contoh darah ikan. darah ikan diambil dari pembuluh darah pada pangkal ekor dengan menggunakan sebuah alat suntik untuk dilakukan pengujian secara elektrophoresis di laboratorium.

cara menentukan kematangan gonad

beberapa cara menentukan kematangan gonad pada ikan :

a. menentukan kematangan gonad pada ikan jantan dilakukan dengan cara visual yaitu melihat urogenitalnya. Ikan jantan yang telah matang gonad ditandai dengan urigenitalnya yang memerah dan meruncing serta panjangnya sudah melampaui pangkal sirip ekor.

b. menentukan kematangan gonad pada ikan betina adalah dengan cara meraba bagian perut yang membesar dan terasa lunak serta bila diurut dengan tangan ke arah anus, ikan betina yang telah matang gonad akan mengeluarkan telur berwarna hijau kekuningan(TC 018)

foto kolam/bak pemijahan lele

kolam / bak untuk memijahkan ikan lele

uniformity shrimp

uniformity shrimp


As already explained, in a population of shrimp in ponds in general can be classified into 3 (three), namely: (i) shrimp uniform, (ii) the uniformity of the shrimp were, and (iii) the level of bad shrimp uniformity. In addition to these explanations, the understanding of how management alternatives based on conditions encountered in the field.

Broadly speaking, management needs to be done related to the uniformity of shrimp feed includes program management and water quality management (assumption: benur have used relatively uniform, both size and age). Alternative management of the above conditions are as follows:

1. Shrimp uniform. If the population of shrimp in the shrimp ponds showed relatively uniform size, so technically that management needs to be done is how to maintain these ideal conditions until the shrimp is ready to be harvested in a normal way. Management of the feed program should always follow the shrimp need level and the amount of feed given daily in accordance with the density of shrimp in the pond. In this condition is usually the amount of feed given to show that is always increasing trend based on time (except shrimp in a periodic moulting condition). Feeding programs must be carefully managed on the basis of observations made (by check or sampling Ancho).

In addition to food programs, alternative management needs to be done is the quality of pond water. Usually there is a correlation between the uniformity and quality of water shrimp (assumption: the feed program was implemented as mentioned above), namely: the size of the shrimp will be relatively uniform, if the management of water quality in accordance with the requirements of shrimp. The effort needs to be done in water quality management is how to maintain pond water quality, relatively stable and no fluctuations change the pond water quality. Explanations related to the management of water quality ponds have been described in previous discussions.

2. Shrimp with uniformity level was. In this condition technically manage to do is how to prevent the level of uniformity is not worse and efforts to improve blood circumstances better. Feed program should be reviewed applicable mainly related to the size composition of shrimp feed and the amount of feed given. The composition of the feed size and the amount can be roughly estimated by observation at the time of sampling and check Ancho. Estimated percentage does include the density of each size of shrimp in a population, which can be estimated size of the feed to be used and the amount to be given in a single daily feeding frequency. The composition should be adjusted back by referring to the observations made. If the level of uniformity of shrimp which leads to a better level then the given feed size would be less.

Example: in a population of shrimp in the pond has 3 different sizes, given the feed should consist of 3 types of feed of different sizes to suit all shrimp sizes. If uniformity of shrimp in these ponds was led to a better level, for example, be 2 types of shrimp size, the composition of the feed size should also be given 2 types of feed size. Pond water quality management is carried out under these conditions relatively similar to item no. 1 mentioned above.

3. Level of bad shrimp uniformity. In this condition technically manage to do is how to prevent the shrimp population in the pond is not as drastic shrinking (due process of cannibalism). Programs that need to be applied feed primarily on items such as no explanation. 2, only the size of the species composition of feed used in one feeding frequency will usually be much too. In a more extreme handling, sorting is usually done directly shrimp size during the check Anco or sampling activities at the time (not recommended). Terhdap done sorting shrimp with sizes that are considered too far behind shrimp with normal size, so the expected level of uniformity in the shrimp ponds will be better although the density decreased. Pond water quality management is carried out under these conditions relatively similar to item no. 1 mentioned above.

Alternative treatment above is essentially an effort to maintain, improve and prevent a condition to the level of uniformity in a population of shrimp in ponds can lead to conditions as expected, especially at an optimal output.

source: http://marindro-ina.blogspot.com

the color of pond water - water color criteria

the color of pond water - water color criteria


Criteria pond water color that can be used as a reference standard in the management of water quality is as below:

1. Color dark green pond water, which means indicate a dominance of Chlorophyceae with more stable nature of the environment and climate change because they have the time a relatively long mortality. Growth rate and relatively fast development is the potential occurrence of plankton boom in these waters.

2. Color brown pond water which means showing the dominance diatomae. This type of plankton is one supplier of natural feed for the shrimp, so the rate of growth and development of the shrimp relatively quickly. The level of stability is relatively less plankton, especially in winter conditions with the high rainfall, so the potential collapse of plankton and if not carefully managed water quality stability will be volatile and would interfere with the comfort level in the shrimp ponds.

3. Color brownish green pond water, which means showing dominance happens is the combination of the Chlorophyceae and is stable diatomae supported by the availability of natural feed for the shrimp.

Standard color of pond water as described above is a practical reference for identifying species of plankton in an attempt detection of water quality problems at an early stage. In addition to these standard colors there are some pond water colors usually found in shrimp cultivation activities, which include:

1. Color yellow pond water, which means indicate a phytoplankton species dominance cyanophyceae. In conditions like these pond waters are usually more pale colored shrimp than is usually accompanied by a decrease in appetite shrimp and if not immediately anticipated may cause damage to the shrimp hepatopanchreas.

2. Color green pond water vanished, which means indicate a phytoplankton species dominance dynophyceae impact is relatively similar to point (1).

3. Color blue-green pond water, which means indicate a dominance of blue green algae relative impact equal to the point (1).

4. Camouflage green color, in this case as if the pond greenish but basically no / less contain plankton. This happens usually in ponds which contain the seeds was very poor but planktonya fertilization activities continue, so the resulting color is the color because of the weather. This incident can be identified by measuring the brightness of the pond waters are usually very high, or to see the color of the water in a water mill was operated.

Identify types of plankton in the waters of the pond in a practical way to see the color of the water as described above to be supported by observation and laboratory analysis on a regular basis to obtain more accurate results. This activity is done by taking water samples and samples of shrimp from pond map map-whether the problem or not affected by the problem, so the comparison can be drawn.
source: http://marindro-ina.blogspot.com

warna air tambak kriteria warna air

Kriteria warna air tambak yang dapat dijadikan acuan standar dalam pengelolaan kualitas air adalah seperti di bawah ini:

1. Warna air tambak hijau tua yang berarti menunjukkan adanya dominansi chlorophyceae dengan sifat lebih stabil terhadap perubahan lingkungan dan cuaca karena mempunyai waktu mortalitas yang relatif panjang. Tingkat pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya yang relatif cepat sangat berpotensi terjadinya booming plankton di perairan tersebut.

2. Warna air tambak kecoklatan yang berarti menunjukkan adanya dominansi diatomae. Jenis plankton ini merupakan salah satu penyuplai pakan alami bagi udang, sehingga tingkat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan udang relatif lebih cepat. Tingkat kestabilan plankton ini relatif kurang terutama pada kondisi musim dengan tingkat curah hujan yang tinggi, sehingga berpotensi terjadinya plankton collaps dan jika pengelolaannya tidak cermat kestabilan kualitas perairan akan bersifat fluktuatif dan akan mengganggu tingkat kenyamanan udang di dalam tambak.

3. Warna air tambak hijau kecoklatan yang berarti menunjukkan dominansi yang terjadi merupakan perpaduan antara chlorophyceae dan diatomae yang bersifat stabil yang didukung dengan ketersediaan pakan alami bagi udang.

Standar warna air tambak seperti tersebut di atas merupakan acuan praktis dalam mengidentifikasi jenis plankton sebagai upaya pendeteksian masalah kualitas perairan secara dini. Selain warna standar tersebut ada beberapa warna air tambak yang biasa dijumpai dalam kegiatan usaha budidaya udang, yaitu antara lain:

1. Warna air tambak kekuningan yang berarti menunjukkan adanya dominansi phytoplankton jenis cyanophyceae. Pada kondisi perairan tambak seperti ini biasanya udang berwarna lebih pucat dari biasanya disertai dengan penurunan nafsu makan udang dan jika tidak segera diantisipasi dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada hepatopanchreas udang.

2. Warna air tambak hijau pupus yang berarti menunjukkan adanya dominansi phytoplankton jenis dynophyceae dampak yang ditimbulkan relatif sama dengan point (1).

3. Warna air tambak biru kehijauan yang berarti menunjukkan adanya dominansi blue green algae dampak yang ditimbulkan relatif sama dengan point (1).

4. Kamuflase green color, pada kondisi ini tambak seolah-olah berwarna kehijauan tapi pada dasarnya tidak/kurang mengandung plankton. Hal ini terjadi biasanya pada tambak yang kandungan bibit planktonya sangat kurang tetapi kegiatan pemupukan berjalan terus, sehingga warna yang ditimbulkan adalah warna karena pengaruh cuaca. Kejadian ini dapat diketahui dengan mengukur kecerahan perairan tambak yang biasanya sangat tinggi, atau dengan melihat warna air yang ada pada kincir air yang sedang dioperasikan.

Identifikasi jenis plankton di perairan tambak secara praktis dengan melihat warna perairan seperti telah diuraikan di atas perlu ditunjang dengan pengamatan dan analisis laboratorium secara berkala untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih akurat. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan cara pengambilan sampel perairan dan sampel udang dari petakan-petakan tambak baik yang bermasalah maupun yang tidak terkena masalah, sehingga dapat diambil perbandingannya.
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